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Reaching the Global Classroom

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M超过100万的国际学生在美国大学注册, almost half of them from China, according to research from EducationData.org. During 2020, 这些学生中的许多人被要求在他们的祖国远程上课, 由于有争议的学生签证政策变化, family preferences, and travel restrictions. 这给大学带来了巨大的挑战,因为他们正在努力在全球范围内可靠地提供在线视频教学. 但无论是对学校还是对学生来说,这些都不是新挑战. About 350,000 U.S. university students study abroad every year, 他们中的许多人在海外时选修了本国大学的在线课程. 不过,这个量表是新的,所以我们能学到很多东西.

China provides a particularly interesting case study, 由于其庞大的人口规模和在其网络中运营的难度. 中国的所有网络流量都通过10个国家中心路由. Until 2015, 所有的中国互联网流量都通过北京的三个中心路由, Shanghai, and Guangzhou; to this day, 这三个集线器通过海底光缆将中国网络与全球互联网连接起来. Those hubs also operate the world’s most sophisticated censorship apparatus—the so-called Great Firewall of China—to block or disrupt foreign websites and internet services the government deems undesirable, most famously, all Google and Facebook products.

包括谷歌和脸书在内的一个财团曾计划运营太平洋光缆网络, 从洛杉矶到香港的120Tbps光纤电缆系统. However, those plans were scuttled by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, 海底电缆将在香港附近停止,在台湾和菲律宾结束. Within China, 没有政府批准的互联网内容提供商(ICP)许可证的网站是违法的, and these are rarely issued to non-Chinese entities. The biggest Chinese streaming media company is iQIYI, but its ICP licenses are held by two other Chinese companies, as detailed in its 2018 IPO filing with the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission.

在这种背景下,学校如何可靠地向中国学生提供流媒体? 一个选择是在中国境内建立一个存在,以绕过北京/上海/广州入口点和防火墙的瓶颈. This requires a Chinese partner with an ICP license. For example, 2013年,Coursera与中国互联网公司易网(Net-Ease)合作,在中国推出了Coursera视频镜像, effectively extending its CDN beyond the firewall. 杜克大学于2011年与武汉大学合作成立昆山杜克大学. 在过去的几年里,它开始大步前进,最终可能提供同样的好处.

一个不那么雄心勃勃的替代方案是优化您的视频以穿越防火墙和瓶颈. 在过去的一年中,我得到的反馈表明,在编码阶梯上保持比特率为, at most, 550Kbps total will usually allow video to be smoothly play­able at normal speed during off-peak hours; students overseas will struggle to watch video at faster playback rates since the data rate increases apace the speed. 我的最低档是148K,这可以让学生在1级时流畅地播放视频.5x speed even during peak usage times. 学生们还报告说,在海外工作高峰时段,他们的网速要差得多, 尽管我无法确定这是否是进入时的瓶颈问题, last mile, or both. 最后,海外VPN的使用大大降低了测量的吞吐量. VPNs are arguably illegal in China, 所以我建议学校绝对不要上任何被防火墙屏蔽的网站.

一个有吸引力的混合方法是使用点对点(P2P)流媒体, 在这种方式中,学生们可以在彼此之间共享穿越防火墙的视频数据,而不是每次都通过防火墙获取视频数据. 因为教育视频往往是在学生群体完成课程的过程中分批观看的, it lends itself very well to this model, as does China’s network architecture, 其中,P2P是PPTV和PPS等平台的成熟技术.

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